【雙語】把握經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化大勢 堅(jiān)定不移全面擴(kuò)大開放
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把握經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化大勢 堅(jiān)定不移全面擴(kuò)大開放
Understanding the Great Trend of Economic Globalization and Expanding Opening Up on All Fronts
中共商務(wù)部黨組
CPC Leadership Group of the Ministry of Commerce
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2017年，在逆全球化抬頭、世界經(jīng)濟(jì)陰霾重重之際，習(xí)近平總書記站在人類歷史長河的高度，在達(dá)沃斯論壇發(fā)表了歷史性演講，表明了中國捍衛(wèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的堅(jiān)定立場，指明了經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的正確方向，為世界注入了強(qiáng)大信心和正能量。
In 2017, just as de-globalization was gaining ground and dark clouds were hanging over the world economy, President Xi Jinping delivered his historic speech at the Davos Forum, in which he declared China’s firm stance on defending economic globalization and pointed out the right direction for economic globalization’s future development from the vantage point of humanity’s long history. His words provided a much-needed boost of confidence and positivity to the world.
此后，習(xí)近平總書記在二十國集團(tuán)（G20）峰會(huì)、亞太經(jīng)合組織（APEC）峰會(huì)、進(jìn)博會(huì)等眾多國際重要場合，進(jìn)一步闡明支持經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化和多邊主義的鮮明立場，貢獻(xiàn)了中國智慧，彰顯了大國擔(dān)當(dāng)。中國說到做到，主動(dòng)全面擴(kuò)大對外開放，積極參與全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理，推動(dòng)構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體。今年提出的加快構(gòu)建新發(fā)展格局，是開放的國內(nèi)國際雙循環(huán)，與達(dá)沃斯論壇的中國主張一脈相承，成為中國推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的最新方案。
Since then, at important international arenas such as G20 summits, APEC meetings, and the China International Import Expo, President Xi has further articulated China’s clear-cut position on economic globalization and multilateralism, contributing China’s knowledge and showing it to be a responsible major country. China has done what it said it would do; it has opened up to the outside world on all fronts, played an active part in global economic governance, and promoted the building of a global community with a shared future. Its announcement in 2020 to accelerate the creation of a new development dynamic, featuring open domestic and international flows, is a continuation of China’s Davos position. It is China’s new plan for promoting economic globalization.
一、把握經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化歷史大勢，推動(dòng)世界共同開放
I. Understanding the historical trend of economic globalization and promoting mutual opening up around the world
習(xí)近平總書記指出，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化是社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的客觀要求和科技進(jìn)步的必然結(jié)果，是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的時(shí)代潮流，不是哪些人、哪些國家人為造出來的；世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的大海，你要還是不要，都在那兒，是回避不了的；要共同把全球市場的蛋糕做大、把全球共享的機(jī)制做實(shí)、把全球合作的方式做活，共同把經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化動(dòng)力搞得越大越好、阻力搞得越小越好；當(dāng)前世界上出現(xiàn)的一些逆全球化動(dòng)向只不過是全球化潮流中激起的幾朵浪花，阻擋不住全球化大潮；我們決不能被逆風(fēng)和回頭浪所阻，要站在歷史正確的一邊，堅(jiān)定不移全面擴(kuò)大開放。
President Xi has made the following important points: Economic globalization is the result of growing social productivity, a natural outcome of scientific and technological progress, and an irreversible contemporary current, not the creation of any individual or country. Whether we like it or not, the global economy is the big ocean that we simply cannot escape. The world must work together to make the pie of the global market even bigger, strengthen the mechanisms for sharing benefits globally, and explore new ways of international cooperation, so that we can give more impetus to economic globalization and remove its impediments as much as we can. The trend of de-globalization emerging in the world today amounts to nothing more than ripples in a great current, which are not enough to halt the great globalization tide. We must not be stopped by headwinds or undertows; we must stand on the right side of history and firmly proceed with opening up on all fronts.
經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的歷史潮流。經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化大致經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)階段。一是殖民擴(kuò)張和世界市場形成階段，各國都被卷入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)體系之中。二是兩個(gè)平行世界市場階段，即二戰(zhàn)后的兩大陣營及市場。三是經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化階段，冷戰(zhàn)后世界經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化加速。世界各國要素稟賦不平衡和國際分工深化，是經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的重要?jiǎng)恿?。各國都不同程度地存在著自然資源、資本、勞動(dòng)力、技術(shù)、市場等不足的矛盾，面臨“分工受市場規(guī)模限制”難題，15世紀(jì)的地理大發(fā)現(xiàn)，推動(dòng)了世界市場形成。科技革命和產(chǎn)業(yè)革命，為經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化提供了深厚的物質(zhì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。幾次工業(yè)革命大大降低了貨物運(yùn)輸、信息傳播和人員流動(dòng)的成本，特別是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等新科技革命推動(dòng)世界扁平化，各國經(jīng)濟(jì)相互依賴前所未有。國際經(jīng)濟(jì)治理體系和冷戰(zhàn)后市場化改革，為經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化提供了經(jīng)濟(jì)制度保障。二戰(zhàn)后，布雷頓森林體系及關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定、國際貨幣基金組織和世界銀行三大支柱出現(xiàn)，提供了國際經(jīng)濟(jì)治理的制度架構(gòu)，加之冷戰(zhàn)后新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體的市場化改革，推動(dòng)了經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化大發(fā)展。總之，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化是由生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展和生產(chǎn)關(guān)系變革共同推動(dòng)的客觀歷史進(jìn)程，不以人的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移。歷史上瘟疫、戰(zhàn)爭、危機(jī)等都曾阻礙經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化發(fā)展，但全球化潮流最終還是浩浩蕩蕩，滾滾向前，奔向浩瀚的大海。
Economic globalization is an irreversible historical trend.
Economic globalization has experienced roughly three stages. The first was the stage of colonial expansionism and world market formation. In this stage, all countries were drawn into the world economic system. The second stage saw two parallel world markets, or two opposing blocs and markets, prevail after World War II. The third stage is the stage of economic globalization, in which world economic integration has accelerated since the end of the Cold War. Uneven factor endowments among countries and an ever-finer division of labor along international lines have been important forces for economic globalization. All countries face shortages of natural resources, capital, labor, technology, and markets to greater or lesser degree, as well as restrictions on their division of labor determined by the size of their markets. The geographical discoveries of the 15th century opened the way for the formation of a world market. Thereafter, scientific, technological, and industrial revolutions provided the material and technological foundations for economic globalization. Several rounds of industrial transformation dramatically reduced the cost of goods transportation, the dissemination of information, and the movement of people. In particular, new technological revolutions such as the internet have led to a leveling out in the world and to a degree of interdependence hitherto unknown. The international economic governance system and the post-Cold War market reforms have served as institutional guarantors for economic globalization. After World War II, the Bretton Woods system and the three pillars of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the IMF, and the World Bank emerged as an institutional framework for global economic governance. Coupled with the market reforms of emerging economies after the end of the Cold War, these drove a major upsurge in economic globalization.
In summary, economic globalization is an objective historical process driven jointly by the development of productive forces and changes to the relations of production; it is not determined by the will of man. In the past, plagues, wars, and crises have impeded economic globalization, yet ultimately, its great surge continues ever onward.
經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化經(jīng)歷曲折，但向前的大方向沒有改變。經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化同時(shí)存在“向前的動(dòng)力、向后的阻力”：動(dòng)力是新一輪科技革命和產(chǎn)業(yè)變革；阻力是單邊主義、保護(hù)主義、霸凌主義?？傮w上看，動(dòng)力仍大于阻力，開放合作仍是發(fā)展大勢。經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化更多是增量放緩而非存量下降。除少數(shù)危機(jī)年份外，貨物貿(mào)易保持穩(wěn)定，2019年全球貨物出口比金融危機(jī)前的2008年增長17.1%，服務(wù)貿(mào)易蓬勃發(fā)展，2019年全球服務(wù)貿(mào)易出口比2008年增長52.4%。數(shù)字貿(mào)易方興未艾，全球跨境電商市場規(guī)模年均增長近30%，未來跨境數(shù)字貿(mào)易有望爆發(fā)。區(qū)域一體化深入發(fā)展。目前向世貿(mào)組織通報(bào)并生效的自貿(mào)安排數(shù)量比危機(jī)前增加了237個(gè)。主要國家通過區(qū)域貿(mào)易安排，推動(dòng)更高水平開放，談判議題從“邊境上”貿(mào)易壁壘深入“邊境后”規(guī)制，反映了經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化深化發(fā)展大趨勢。地球村時(shí)代，全球價(jià)值鏈深度拓展，各國更加緊密聯(lián)系在一起，形成利益共同體、責(zé)任共同體和命運(yùn)共同體。再退回到“孤島”狀態(tài)，開歷史“倒車”，不符合人類共同利益。
Economic globalization has witnessed twists and turns but its general forward direction has remained unchanged.
There is momentum both for and against economic globalization: the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation are providing driving forces, while resistance is coming from unilateralism, protectionism, and hegemony. Overall, the forces propelling economic globalization are greater than those pulling it back, and openness and cooperation remain the main trends of development. Economic globalization is experiencing a slowdown rather than a decline. Save for a few years of crisis, trade in goods has remained stable, with global exports of goods in 2019 up 17.1% when compared to the period prior to the financial crisis in 2008. Trade in services has flourished, with global service exports in 2019 up 52.4% compared to 2008. There has also been a boom in digital trade. The size of the global cross-border e-commerce market has grown at an average annual rate of nearly 30%, with an explosion in cross-border digital trade expected in the coming years. Regional integration has deepened. Compared to before the financial crisis, 237 more free trade agreements have been reported to the WTO and entered into force. Major countries are also promoting higher levels of openness through regional trade arrangements. The focus of negotiations has shifted from trade barriers on the border to regulations behind the border, reflecting the general trend of deeper economic globalization. In the era of the global village, the global value chain has been greatly extended. All countries are more closely bound together in communities of shared interests, common responsibilities, and a shared future. Thus, to reverse history and return to a state of isolation is simply not in the common interests of humankind.
改革開放40多年來，我國始終堅(jiān)持對外開放基本國策，不斷擴(kuò)大對外開放，實(shí)現(xiàn)了從封閉半封閉到全方位開放的偉大歷史轉(zhuǎn)折，成為經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的受益者和重要貢獻(xiàn)者。
Over the past 40 years of reform and opening, China has implemented a basic state policy of opening up. It has continuously opened its door wider to the world, achieving a great historical turnaround from a closed and semi-closed state to one of all-round opening up. It has been both a beneficiary and important contributor to economic globalization.
——推動(dòng)貿(mào)易高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。促進(jìn)外貿(mào)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展，培育新業(yè)態(tài)新模式，持續(xù)優(yōu)化貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)，降低關(guān)稅和非關(guān)稅壁壘，推動(dòng)貿(mào)易自由化便利化，擴(kuò)大優(yōu)質(zhì)商品進(jìn)口，創(chuàng)新發(fā)展服務(wù)貿(mào)易。2016—2019年，我國貨物貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口額年均增長7.5%，連續(xù)11年保持第一出口大國地位；服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口額年均增長6%，穩(wěn)居世界第二。今年前11個(gè)月，我國貨物出口同比增長0.6%，預(yù)計(jì)全年實(shí)現(xiàn)正增長，貿(mào)易大國地位不斷鞏固。未來，我們要增強(qiáng)對外貿(mào)易綜合競爭力，穩(wěn)步推動(dòng)貿(mào)易強(qiáng)國建設(shè)。
Promoting high-quality trade. China has created new ways of developing foreign trade, cultivated new business models, made continued improvements to its trade structures, and reduced tariffs and non-tariff barriers. It has liberalized and simplified trade, expanded imports of high-quality goods, and made innovations in trade in services. In 2016-2019, China’s import and export trade registered an average annual growth rate of 7.5%, maintaining China’s status as the world’s largest exporter for 11 years running. In services, trade imports and exports grew at an average annual rate of 6%, the second fastest in the world. In the first 11 months of 2020, China’s exports of goods grew by 0.6% year-on-year. Growth is expected to be positive for the year as a whole, thus further consolidating its status as a major trading country. Going forward, China will enhance its overall competitiveness in foreign trade and steadily develop itself as a trader of both quality and quantity.
——提高利用外資水平。主動(dòng)擴(kuò)大市場準(zhǔn)入，放寬銀行、證券、保險(xiǎn)業(yè)外資股比限制，擴(kuò)大高端制造和服務(wù)業(yè)開放，加大知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)力度，持續(xù)改善營商環(huán)境，對國際資本形成巨大“引力場”。2016—2019年，我國共利用外資5496億美元，成為全球第二大外資流入國，高技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)利用外資年均增長24%。今年前10個(gè)月，我國實(shí)際利用外資1151億美元，同比增長3.9%。未來，我們要繼續(xù)放寬市場準(zhǔn)入，依法保護(hù)外資企業(yè)合法權(quán)益，讓外商留得住、有發(fā)展。
Raising the level of utilized foreign investment. China has actively expanded access to its markets, eased restrictions on foreign ownership in the banking, securities, and insurance sectors, increased the openness of high-end manufacturing and services, and improved the protection of intellectual property rights. The business environment has been continuously improved, becoming a vast “gravitational field” for international investment. From 2016 to 2019, China’s utilized foreign investment totaled US$549.6 billion, making it the world’s second-largest receiver of inbound investment, with an average annual growth of 24% in high-tech industries. In the first 10 months of 2020, actual utilized foreign investment was US$115.1 billion, up 3.9% year-on-year. Going forward, China will continue to widen market access and protect the legitimate rights and interests of foreign enterprises in accordance with law. It will ensure that foreign investors can stay and develop in China over the long term.
——?jiǎng)?chuàng)新對外投資方式。順應(yīng)全球產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移趨勢，鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)走出去，優(yōu)化國別產(chǎn)業(yè)布局，增強(qiáng)全球配置資源能力，打造中國投資品牌，構(gòu)建面向全球的貿(mào)易、投資、生產(chǎn)、服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。2016—2019年，我國對外直接投資合計(jì)達(dá)6344億美元，穩(wěn)居世界前列；通過對外投資合作，累計(jì)帶動(dòng)出口5000多億美元。截至2019年末，共在188個(gè)國家和地區(qū)設(shè)立4.4萬家企業(yè)；“走出去”企業(yè)外籍員工超過220萬人，促進(jìn)了當(dāng)?shù)毓I(yè)化進(jìn)程和民生福祉改善。未來，我們將健全促進(jìn)和保障境外投資的法律、政策和服務(wù)體系，幫助企業(yè)提高跨國經(jīng)營能力，拉緊利益紐帶，推動(dòng)共同發(fā)展。
Developing new methods of outbound investment. In line with the global trend of industrial relocation, China has encouraged its enterprises to “go out,” improved its industrial arrangements with other countries, and better allocated resources at the global level. It has built Chinese investment brands and fostered a global network of trade, investment, production, and services. From 2016 to 2019, China’s outward direct investment reached US$634.4 billion, ranking among the highest in the world. Through outward investment and cooperation, it has driven more than US$500 billion of exports. By the end of 2019, Chinese investors had established 44,000 enterprises in 188 countries and regions. More than 2.2 million foreign employees were employed in Chinese enterprises, which are contributing to industrialization and people’s wellbeing in the regions where they have a presence. In the future, China will improve the legal, policy, and service systems for promoting and protecting overseas investments, and help enterprises improve their ability to operate across borders, in order to create closer shared interests and promote common development.
二、把握全球治理變革趨勢，貢獻(xiàn)更多“中國智慧”
II. Focusing on global governance reform and contributing China’s know-how
習(xí)近平總書記指出，當(dāng)今世界正經(jīng)歷百年未有之大變局，新冠肺炎疫情全球大流行使這個(gè)大變局加速變化，世界進(jìn)入動(dòng)蕩變革期；弱肉強(qiáng)食、贏者通吃是一條越走越窄的死胡同，包容普惠、互利共贏才是越走越寬的人間正道；當(dāng)前，爭奪全球治理和國際規(guī)則制定主導(dǎo)權(quán)的較量十分激烈；要為改革和優(yōu)化全球治理注入中國力量；推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化朝著更加開放、包容、普惠、平衡、共贏的方向發(fā)展。
President Xi has pointed out that the world today is undergoing momentous changes of a kind unseen in a century. The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated these changes, and the world is entering a period of turmoil and change. He has declared that practicing the law of the jungle and winner-takes-all approaches will only lead to a dead end and inclusive growth for all is surely the right way forward; that the present competition for the initiative in global governance and international rule-making is extremely intense; and that China should contribute its strength to the reform and improvement of global governance. Together, Xi has argued, the world must work to make economic globalization more open, inclusive, and balanced for the benefit of all.
全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理體系變革處在歷史轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。世界百年未有之大變局進(jìn)入加速演變期，全球性挑戰(zhàn)增多，加強(qiáng)全球治理、推進(jìn)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理體系變革是大勢所趨。國際力量對比“東升西降”是最具革命性的變化。新興市場和發(fā)展中國家群體性崛起，經(jīng)濟(jì)及貿(mào)易的世界占比，都比20世紀(jì)90年代提高了20個(gè)百分點(diǎn)左右，對外投資占比提高了18個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。全球治理多極化趨勢明顯。發(fā)展中國家參與治理的意愿和能力不斷提升，推進(jìn)全球治理體系更加公正合理，需要持續(xù)努力。
Reform of the global governance system has reached a historical turning point.
Momentous changes in the world of a kind unseen in a century are now unfolding at an accelerated rate. As global challenges mount, strengthening global governance and reforming the global economic governance system have become the underlying trends of our times. The most revolutionary aspect of these changes is the shift from West to East in the global balance of power. Emerging markets and developing countries are rising at the same time. Their share of the world economy and trade has grown by about 20 percentage points since the 1990s, and their share of foreign investment has increased by 18 percentage points. There is a marked trend toward multi-polarity in global governance. The willingness and ability of developing countries to participate in governance has grown continuously, but sustained efforts are needed to promote a more just and equitable governance system.
現(xiàn)有國際經(jīng)貿(mào)規(guī)則難以適應(yīng)新變化。全球發(fā)展深層次矛盾日益突出：全球問題增多，解決方案不足；全球規(guī)則增多，國際協(xié)同不足；全球市場擴(kuò)展，規(guī)制監(jiān)管不足。全球治理重心發(fā)生變化。國際貿(mào)易投資不斷創(chuàng)新發(fā)展，全球治理議題由市場開放等邊境措施，轉(zhuǎn)向補(bǔ)貼、勞工、環(huán)境等“邊境后”規(guī)制。新一輪科技革命催生新的治理難題，網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全、數(shù)字主權(quán)、數(shù)據(jù)流動(dòng)等新議題博弈更趨激烈。
Current international trade rules are not suited to new changes.
Deep-rooted problems in global development are becoming increasingly prominent: global issues are increasing, but solutions have been found wanting; the number of global rules has increased, but international coordination is lacking; the global market is expanding, but regulation and supervision are inadequate. The focus of global governance has shifted. Innovations in international trade and investment are relentless, and “on-border” measures like the opening of markets are being replaced on the global governance agenda by “behind-border” regulations on issues such as subsidies, labor, and the environment. New global governance challenges and issues like cybersecurity, digital sovereignty, and data flows, brought about by the new scientific and technological revolutions, have intensified.
中國推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化朝著更加均衡方向發(fā)展，推動(dòng)建設(shè)開放型世界經(jīng)濟(jì)，旗幟鮮明反對貿(mào)易和投資保護(hù)主義，推動(dòng)全球治理規(guī)則民主化法治化，努力維護(hù)和延長我國重要戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期，成為全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理的重要參與者和貢獻(xiàn)者。
China promotes more balanced economic globalization and works to build an open world economy. Decisively opposing trade and investment protectionism, it has sought to put global governance rules onto a more democratic and law-based footing. In doing so, it has become an important participant and contributor to global economic governance.
——中國理念和方案得到更多認(rèn)同。提出構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體理念，堅(jiān)持正確義利觀，倡導(dǎo)共商共建共享的全球治理觀，順應(yīng)時(shí)代潮流，增加了我國同各國利益匯合點(diǎn)，也豐富了全球治理理念；積極提供國際公共產(chǎn)品，舉辦中非合作論壇、進(jìn)博會(huì)等重大主場外交活動(dòng)，設(shè)立亞投行、金磚銀行。一批中國主張、中國方案、中國倡議成為國際共識(shí)，國際社會(huì)期待我國在貿(mào)易投資、數(shù)字治理等領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮更多建設(shè)性作用。未來，我們要加強(qiáng)內(nèi)外統(tǒng)籌，提出踐行全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理觀的中國倡議，維護(hù)國際公平正義。
Chinese ideas and solutions have gained greater recognition. China has put forward the vision of a global community with a shared future, adhered to the principle of pursuing the greater good and shared interests, and championed a vision for global governance featuring extensive consultation, joint contributions, and shared benefits. These efforts fit with the trends of the times. They offer additional points of convergence for the interests of different countries, and ultimately enrich the concept of global governance. China is also actively providing global public goods; it has hosted major diplomatic events such as the Forum of China-Africa Cooperation and the China International Import Expo, and it has initiated the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and worked with other BRICS countries to set up the New Development Bank. A host of China’s proposals, solutions, and initiatives have become international consensus, and the international community is looking to China to play a more constructive role in trade and investment, digital governance, and other areas. Going forward, China will better coordinate its domestic and international imperatives, put forward initiatives for the practice of global economic governance, and work to safeguard international fairness and justice.
——共建“一帶一路”走深走實(shí)。堅(jiān)持共商共建共享原則，秉持綠色、開放、廉潔理念，認(rèn)真落實(shí)“一帶一路”國際合作高峰論壇成果，“六廊六路多國多港”互聯(lián)互通架構(gòu)基本形成，一批綜合效益好、帶動(dòng)作用強(qiáng)的項(xiàng)目落地生根。2019年，我國對沿線國家貨物貿(mào)易總額占外貿(mào)比重提升至29.4%，直接投資占比提升至13.7%，分別比2016年提升了3.7和5.2個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。未來，我們要持續(xù)高質(zhì)量共建“一帶一路”，打造團(tuán)結(jié)應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)的合作之路、維護(hù)人民健康安全的健康之路、促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)恢復(fù)的復(fù)蘇之路、釋放發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ脑鲩L之路。
Concrete progress has been made in joint efforts to pursue the Belt and Road Initiative. China has acted on the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefit, and adhered to a vision of green development, openness, and clean governance for the Belt and Road Initiative. It has diligently implemented the outcomes from the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, and given shape to a connectivity framework featuring six corridors, six routes, and multiple countries and ports. A host of highly efficient, pacesetting projects have taken root. In 2019, China’s total trade in goods with countries along the Belt and Road grew to 29.4% of its total foreign trade, and direct investment rose to 13.7%, up 3.7 and 5.2 percentage points respectively from 2016. In the time ahead, China will continue to pursue high-quality cooperation on the Belt and Road, working with its BRI partners to develop a platform for cooperating on challenges, protecting people’s health, promoting economic recovery, and unlocking growth potential.
——深化多雙邊與區(qū)域合作。積極參與世貿(mào)組織改革，提出“三項(xiàng)原則”和“五項(xiàng)主張”，推動(dòng)電子商務(wù)等新興領(lǐng)域規(guī)則制定。累計(jì)與26個(gè)國家和地區(qū)簽署19個(gè)自貿(mào)協(xié)定，特別是新簽署的區(qū)域全面經(jīng)濟(jì)伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)定，15個(gè)成員國總的人口、經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易均占全球約30%，不僅是東亞區(qū)域合作深化的標(biāo)志性成果，更是多邊主義和自由貿(mào)易的勝利。努力穩(wěn)住中美關(guān)系大局，深化中俄戰(zhàn)略合作和中歐合作，加快中歐投資協(xié)定、中日韓等自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定談判進(jìn)程，拓展與發(fā)展中國家務(wù)實(shí)合作。未來，我們將積極參與世貿(mào)組織改革，實(shí)施自由貿(mào)易區(qū)提升戰(zhàn)略，同更多國家商簽高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定，持續(xù)擴(kuò)大“朋友圈”，推動(dòng)世界開放發(fā)展。
China has deepened multilateral and regional cooperation. China has been active in WTO reform, putting forward “three principles” and “five propositions” for the reform (the principles are 1. upholding the core values of the multilateral trading system, 2. safeguarding the development interests of developing members, 3. taking consensus-based decisions; the propositions are 1. not altering the status of the multilateral trading system as the main medium of trade, 2. prioritizing key issues that threaten the WTO’s survival, 3. addressing the fairness of trade rules and meeting the needs of the times, 4. ensuring special and differential treatment for developing members, 5. respecting members’ respective development models). It has also promoted the formulation of rules in emerging areas such as e-commerce. China has signed 19 FTAs with 26 countries and regions. Particularly noteworthy is the freshly inked Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement. The agreement’s 15 member countries account for about 30% of the world’s total population, economic output, and trade. The deal is not only a landmark achievement in deepening regional cooperation in East Asia but also a victory for multilateralism and free trade. China has worked to keep China-US relations generally stable and deepened its strategic cooperation with Russia and cooperation with the EU. It has accelerated negotiations on a China-EU investment agreement and a China-Japan-South Korea free trade agreement, and expanded practical cooperation with developing countries. Looking to the future, China will work to play an active role in WTO reform, implement a strategy of upgrading free trade zones, complete high-standard free trade agreements with more countries, and continue to expand its “circle of friends” and promote open development worldwide.
三、把握疫情后經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化新動(dòng)向，推動(dòng)構(gòu)建新發(fā)展格局
III. Adapting to the new trend of economic globalization in the post-Covid world and promoting a new development dynamic
習(xí)近平總書記指出，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化遭遇逆流，世界進(jìn)入動(dòng)蕩變革期；隨著全球政治經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境變化，逆全球化趨勢加劇，有的國家大搞單邊主義、保護(hù)主義，傳統(tǒng)國際循環(huán)明顯弱化；新發(fā)展格局決不是封閉的國內(nèi)循環(huán)，而是開放的、相互促進(jìn)的國內(nèi)國際雙循環(huán)；我們不追求一枝獨(dú)秀，不搞你輸我贏，也不會(huì)關(guān)起門來封閉運(yùn)行，將逐步形成以國內(nèi)大循環(huán)為主體、國內(nèi)國際雙循環(huán)相互促進(jìn)的新發(fā)展格局，為中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展開辟空間，為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇和增長增添動(dòng)力。
President Xi has pointed out that, as the world enters a period of turmoil and change, a backlash is occurring against economic globalization. He has argued that changes in the global political and economic environment have intensified the trend of de-globalization, as some countries have engaged in unilateralism and protectionism, thus significantly weakening the traditional international flow. China’s new development dynamic, President Xi has stressed, is not a closed loop, but rather made up of open and mutually reinforcing domestic and international flows. China does not seek to develop only itself or to engage in zero-sum games, nor will it pursue development behind closed doors; rather, it aims to foster, over time, a new development dynamic that is focused on domestic flows while facilitating positive interplay between domestic and international flows. This will create more space for China’s economic development and add impetus to global economic recovery and growth.
當(dāng)前世界經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢發(fā)生深刻變化。國際環(huán)境日趨復(fù)雜，不穩(wěn)定性不確定性明顯增加。全球貿(mào)易投資增長低迷，國際金融危機(jī)前，全球貿(mào)易增速是經(jīng)濟(jì)增速的2倍，危機(jī)后則與經(jīng)濟(jì)增速大體持平。國際組織預(yù)測今年全球貿(mào)易下降30%左右，明年僅反彈7.2%；全球直接投資下降40%，明年繼續(xù)下降5%—10%。民粹主義加劇，貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義升溫，由傳統(tǒng)行業(yè)向新興產(chǎn)業(yè)、高技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)擴(kuò)展。國際投資限制加強(qiáng)。
The world economic landscape is going through profound changes.
The international environment is increasingly complex, marked by a significant increase in instability and uncertainty. Global trade and investment growth is sluggish. Before the international financial crisis, global trade grew twice as fast as the global economy, but since then, growth in global trade and economy has roughly been on the same level. International organizations estimate that global trade would fall by about 30% in 2020, and will rebound by only 7.2% in 2021. Global direct investment would fall by 40%, with a further fall of 5% to 10% predicted for 2021. As populism and trade protectionism intensify, they are spreading from traditional industries to emerging and high-tech industries. Restrictions on international investment have been tightened.
我國開放發(fā)展條件發(fā)生新變化。傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢減弱，新優(yōu)勢正在培育。近年來，我國勞動(dòng)人口逐步減少，成本優(yōu)勢弱化，部分重要資源短缺，2019年鐵礦砂、原油、大豆的對外依存度分別為80%、72%和86%，研發(fā)、技術(shù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、品牌、營銷等新優(yōu)勢有待提升，高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的任務(wù)緊迫。超大規(guī)模市場優(yōu)勢顯現(xiàn)。我國經(jīng)濟(jì)總量居世界第二，人均GDP超過1萬美元，擁有14億人口、4億多中等收入群體，還有全球最完整、規(guī)模最大的工業(yè)體系和完善的配套能力，是全球最有潛力的大市場，國際吸引力持續(xù)增強(qiáng)。
The conditions of China’s development are changing.
China’s traditional advantages are being diminished while new ones are still in the process of being cultivated. In recent years, China’s working population has gradually decreased, its cost advantages have been weakened, and some important resources have been in short supply. In 2019, China imported 80%, 72%, and 86% of its iron ore, crude oil, and soybeans, respectively. New advantages in areas like R&D, technology, standards, branding, and marketing still need to be further improved. The task of achieving high-quality development is indeed urgent. Yet, the advantages of China’s vast market are obvious. China’s economy is the second largest in the world. It has a per capita GDP of over US$10,000, a population of 1.4 billion, and a middle-income group of more than 400 million people. It possesses the world’s most complete and largest industrial system with a full set of supporting capabilities. China is the world’s most promising large market and its international attractiveness continues to grow.
面對國內(nèi)外環(huán)境的重大變化，把握我國進(jìn)入新發(fā)展階段的新特征，我們堅(jiān)持新發(fā)展理念，堅(jiān)持高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，提出加快構(gòu)建新發(fā)展格局。我們要實(shí)施擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需戰(zhàn)略，全面擴(kuò)大對外開放，促進(jìn)國內(nèi)國際雙循環(huán)良性互動(dòng)。
In the face of major changes in the domestic and international environments, as well as the arrival of a new stage of economic development, China will follow a new development philosophy, promote high-quality development, and accelerate the creation of a new development pattern. China will continue to implement the strategy of expanding domestic demand, it will open wider to the world on all fronts, and it will promote positive interplay between domestic and international flows.
——建設(shè)全球共享的統(tǒng)一大市場。以高水平開放促深層次改革，完善城鄉(xiāng)流通網(wǎng)絡(luò)，大力發(fā)展城市、農(nóng)村、服務(wù)消費(fèi)，促進(jìn)內(nèi)外貿(mào)一體化，舉辦進(jìn)博會(huì)積極擴(kuò)大進(jìn)口。2019年，我國社會(huì)消費(fèi)品零售總額達(dá)41萬億元，穩(wěn)居世界第二；進(jìn)口2.1萬億美元，預(yù)計(jì)未來10年進(jìn)口22萬億美元，第三屆進(jìn)博會(huì)成交726.2億美元，在疫情下擴(kuò)大了國際需求。未來，我們將全面促進(jìn)消費(fèi)，完善現(xiàn)代商貿(mào)流通體系，擴(kuò)大高質(zhì)量商品和服務(wù)進(jìn)口，讓中國市場成為世界的市場、共享的市場、大家的市場。
Building a large unified market accessible to the world. China has promoted far-reaching reform with high-standard opening up. It has improved urban and rural circulation networks, developed consumption, including spending on services, in urban and rural areas, promoted the integration of domestic and foreign trade, and expanded imports through its hosting of the China International Import Expo. In 2019, China’s total retail sales of consumer goods reached 41 trillion yuan, second in the world. Imports reached US$2.1 trillion, and are expected to grow to US$22 trillion over the next decade. The Third China International Import Expo generated deals worth US$72.62 billion, helping to expand international demand despite the Covid-19 epidemic. Going forward, China will promote consumer spending in all domains, modernize trade flows, and expand imports of high-quality goods and services. We will make the Chinese market a market for the whole world to share in.
——打造對外開放新高地。把構(gòu)建新發(fā)展格局同實(shí)施國家區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、建設(shè)自貿(mào)試驗(yàn)區(qū)等銜接起來，鼓勵(lì)自貿(mào)試驗(yàn)區(qū)大膽試、大膽闖、自主改，加快推進(jìn)海南自貿(mào)港建設(shè)。目前已設(shè)立21個(gè)自貿(mào)試驗(yàn)區(qū)，復(fù)制推廣了260項(xiàng)制度創(chuàng)新成果。海南自貿(mào)港建設(shè)總體方案出臺(tái)，推動(dòng)商品、服務(wù)、資金、人員、信息等自由流動(dòng)。未來，我們要推動(dòng)自貿(mào)試驗(yàn)區(qū)、自貿(mào)港高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，打造新發(fā)展格局的重要戰(zhàn)略支點(diǎn)。
Attaining new standards in opening up. China will align its efforts to create a new development dynamic with the implementation of its coordinated regional development strategy and the development of pilot free trade zones. It will encourage pilot free trade zones to boldly carry out trials, make breakthroughs, and drive change. The development of Hainan’s free trade port will also be accelerated. To date, 21 pilot free trade zones have been established, and 260 proven innovation outcomes have been replicated and applied elsewhere. The general plan for the development of the Hainan free trade port has been launched; it will promote the free flow of goods, services, capital, people, and information. In the coming period, China will push for high-quality development of pilot free trade zones and ports, developing them as important strategic nodes for the country’s new development.
——推動(dòng)規(guī)則等制度型開放。積極同國際經(jīng)貿(mào)規(guī)則對接，增強(qiáng)透明度，強(qiáng)化產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)，鼓勵(lì)競爭、反對壟斷，營商環(huán)境持續(xù)優(yōu)化。完善外資管理體制，全面實(shí)施準(zhǔn)入前國民待遇加負(fù)面清單管理制度，出臺(tái)外商投資法，營商環(huán)境國際排名從2017年的78位提升至第31位。開放領(lǐng)域和布局不斷擴(kuò)大，在世貿(mào)組織定義的160個(gè)服務(wù)部門中，我國開放了120多個(gè)；深入推進(jìn)開放領(lǐng)域放管服改革，深化內(nèi)陸和沿邊開放。未來，我們將更加注重規(guī)則、規(guī)制、管理、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等制度型開放，形成更高水平開放型經(jīng)濟(jì)新體制。
Promoting more open rules and institutions. Working to ensure alignment with international economic and trade rules, China has enhanced transparency, strengthened the protection of property rights, encouraged competition, and opposed monopoly practices to achieve a sustained improvement to its business environment. It has improved the management system for foreign investment, fully instituted a pre-entry national treatment plus negative list management system, and enacted the Foreign Investment Law. China’s business environment has moved up to 31st place in the international rankings from 78th in 2017. The areas open to foreign investment have been consistently expanded to cover 120 of the 160 service sectors defined by the WTO. China has furthered reforms to streamline administration, delegate power, improve regulation, and upgrade services in the areas open to foreign investment in both inland and border regions. In the future, more attention will be paid to rules, regulations, management, standards and other forms of institutional openness, as China works to create a new and improved open economic system.
四、把握經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范，在開放中構(gòu)筑安全保障
IV. Guarding against the risks of economic globalization and establishing safeguards in the process of opening up
習(xí)近平總書記指出，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化是一把“雙刃劍”，當(dāng)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)處于下行期的時(shí)候，發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家都會(huì)感受到壓力和沖擊；我們今天開放發(fā)展的大環(huán)境總體上比以往任何時(shí)候都更為有利，同時(shí)面臨的矛盾、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、博弈也前所未有；越開放越要重視安全，越要統(tǒng)籌好發(fā)展和安全，煉就金剛不壞之身；發(fā)展是安全的基礎(chǔ)，是安全的保障；發(fā)展就是最大安全，也是解決安全問題的“總鑰匙”；不斷擴(kuò)大對外開放、提高對外開放水平，以開放促改革、促發(fā)展，是我國發(fā)展不斷取得新成就的重要法寶。
President Xi has argued that economic globalization is a double-edged sword; in global economic downturns, all countries, developed and developing alike, will experience pressure. He has said that our open development environment is creating more benefits than ever, but the associated problems, risks, and trials are also unprecedented. The more open we are, he has pointed out, the more attention we must pay to security, properly managing both development and security so that we can make ourselves impervious to risks. President Xi has further pointed out that development and security mutually reinforce each other on a fundamental level, that development provides the greatest guarantee of security and the “master key” for solving security issues, and that we must continually open up, improve the quality of opening up, and leverage greater openness to promote reform and development – this is an important vehicle that will continually yield fresh success in China’s development.
經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化既提供了發(fā)展機(jī)遇，也可能帶來安全隱患。經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化在做大“蛋糕”的同時(shí)，分好“蛋糕”的問題日漸突出。各國國情、制度和發(fā)展階段不同，面臨的安全形勢也不一樣。發(fā)達(dá)國家在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化過程中獲益的同時(shí)，由于國內(nèi)政策調(diào)整不到位，出現(xiàn)了產(chǎn)業(yè)空心化、就業(yè)不足、貧富差距擴(kuò)大等問題。發(fā)展中國家對外開放成就顯著，但發(fā)展實(shí)力和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)對能力不足，容易受到外部風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沖擊。經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的全球化，需要全球加強(qiáng)合作與共同應(yīng)對。世界各國經(jīng)濟(jì)相互依存，“你中有我，我中有你”，經(jīng)濟(jì)安全也成為全球性問題，任何國家都不能獨(dú)善其身。加強(qiáng)國際合作，在開放中謀求自身安全，擴(kuò)大共同安全，成為各國的現(xiàn)實(shí)選擇。
Economic globalization creates both development opportunities and security risks.
As the economic globalization “pie” has become bigger, the issue of properly sharing the pie out has come to the forefront. The conditions, systems, and development stages of countries differ, as do their development contexts. While developing countries have reaped benefits during economic globalization, ineffective policy adjustments have resulted in the hollowing out of their industries, inadequate employment, and a growing gap between rich and poor. The success that developing countries have had in opening up is self-evident, but their lack of development strength and inadequate capacity to respond to risks makes them susceptible to external shocks. The globalization of economic risks demands stronger cooperation and a collective response. The economies of all countries are interdependent, and economic security is a global issue from which no country can seal itself off. Stronger international cooperation to achieve individual and collective security during the process of opening up is a practical choice for all countries.
我國在參與經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化過程中增強(qiáng)了實(shí)力、獲得了安全，同時(shí)面臨新的挑戰(zhàn)。40多年來，我們處理好獨(dú)立自主與擴(kuò)大開放的關(guān)系，一方面在擴(kuò)大開放過程中增強(qiáng)了綜合國力，顯著提升了安全維護(hù)能力；另一方面把握好開放的力度和節(jié)奏，注重風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范。當(dāng)前，我國已由“經(jīng)貿(mào)小國”發(fā)展為“經(jīng)貿(mào)大國”，正在邁向“經(jīng)貿(mào)強(qiáng)國”，參與經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化程度不斷加深，與世界的相互影響顯著增大。同時(shí)，國際上單邊主義、保護(hù)主義抬頭，我國的外部風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也在增多，需要我們妥善加以應(yīng)對。
While participating in economic globalization, China has grown stronger and more secure but also faced new challenges.
In a period of more than 40 years, China has managed to maintain independence while expanding opening up. It has increased its composite national strength and gained a stronger capacity to maintain security on one side, while properly managing the intensity and pace of opening up on the other, keeping a close focus on guarding against risk. Having developed from a small to a large trading nation, China is now in the process of becoming a trader of quality and quantity. As it plays a deepening role in economic globalization, its impact on the world, and the world’s impact on China, will increase notably. At the same time, as unilateralism and protectionism rise, China will face more external risks that need to be addressed in the right way.
——統(tǒng)籌好開放與安全。既要打開窗戶，也要裝好紗窗，更好維護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)安全。在新發(fā)展階段，國內(nèi)發(fā)展必須在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化背景下來謀劃，充分利用兩個(gè)市場兩種資源，以全面擴(kuò)大開放促進(jìn)市場化改革，促進(jìn)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，以更強(qiáng)的產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力、更強(qiáng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力、更強(qiáng)的綜合國力來保障經(jīng)濟(jì)安全，以更加安全的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制參與更高水平的經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化。順應(yīng)大國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展規(guī)律，切實(shí)把擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需作為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的根本立足點(diǎn)，加快構(gòu)建新發(fā)展格局，統(tǒng)籌好開放與改革發(fā)展，找到開放與安全的黃金結(jié)合點(diǎn)。
Promoting development and security. As China opens its window wider to the world, it must establish safeguards to ensure economic security. In the new stage of development, economic globalization must serve as the backdrop for domestic development planning. We must leverage international and domestic markets and resources, promote market reform and high-quality development with greater opening up on all fronts, ensure economic security with stronger competitiveness in industry, a stronger economy, and greater composite national strength, and achieve greater economic security as we take part in a higher level of economic globalization. Following the laws underlying the development of major economies, China will proceed with the fundamental task of expanding domestic demand, accelerate the creation of a new development dynamic, and pursue opening up, reform, and development in a coordinated way to strike an optimal balance between openness and security.
——有效防范化解風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。要堅(jiān)持底線思維，在商簽自貿(mào)協(xié)定等對外談判中，堅(jiān)決守住底線和紅線，堅(jiān)決貫徹黨中央決策部署，穩(wěn)住外貿(mào)外資基本盤，穩(wěn)住全球產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈供應(yīng)鏈，防范“一帶一路”相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，把風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范落到實(shí)處。把握好擴(kuò)大開放的力度、進(jìn)度和深度，積極應(yīng)對傳統(tǒng)和非傳統(tǒng)安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，更好維護(hù)國家經(jīng)濟(jì)安全。
Guarding against and mitigating risks effectively. We will keep in mind worst-case scenarios, and hold fast to redlines in free trade negotiations. We will resolutely implement the decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee, ensure general stability in foreign trade, work to keep global industry chains and supply chains stable, and guard against risks with regard to the Belt and Road Initiative with practical steps. We will properly manage the intensity, progress, and level of opening up. We will actively respond to both traditional and non-traditional security threats and better protect national economic security.
——提升參與和引領(lǐng)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化能力。提升規(guī)則制定能力，多邊、區(qū)域與雙邊并舉，積極參與新一輪規(guī)則制定，有效反對保護(hù)主義，有效維護(hù)自由貿(mào)易和多邊主義。提升安全維護(hù)能力，運(yùn)用國際通行規(guī)則，健全產(chǎn)業(yè)安全機(jī)制，完善經(jīng)濟(jì)安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警，健全外資安全審查、產(chǎn)業(yè)損害預(yù)警、貿(mào)易救濟(jì)等機(jī)制，維護(hù)我國發(fā)展利益。提升人才保障能力，積極培育經(jīng)濟(jì)、法律、管理、談判等方面的國際化人才，增加我國在國際組織的代表性，改善引進(jìn)國際化人才的環(huán)境，營造于我有利的國際環(huán)境，維護(hù)和延長我國戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期。
Enhancing China’s ability to participate and lead in economic globalization. We will improve China’s ability to participate in setting rules for multilateral, regional, and bilateral ties. We will play an active role in the new round of rulemaking, taking a firm stance against protectionism while standing up for free trade and multilateralism. We will improve our capacity to ensure security through the use of international norms and rules, enhance industrial security mechanisms and early warnings for economic security risks, and enhance reviews of foreign investment projects, early warnings for industrial injury, and trade remedies. We will improve our capacity to develop international economic, legal, management, and negotiation talent, work to increase China’s representation in international organizations, foster a more attractive domestic environment for international talent, and strive to create an international environment that is favorable for China, so as to protect our country’s period of strategic opportunity.
Understanding the Great Trend of Economic Globalization and Expanding Opening Up on All Fronts
中共商務(wù)部黨組
CPC Leadership Group of the Ministry of Commerce
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2017年，在逆全球化抬頭、世界經(jīng)濟(jì)陰霾重重之際，習(xí)近平總書記站在人類歷史長河的高度，在達(dá)沃斯論壇發(fā)表了歷史性演講，表明了中國捍衛(wèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的堅(jiān)定立場，指明了經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的正確方向，為世界注入了強(qiáng)大信心和正能量。
In 2017, just as de-globalization was gaining ground and dark clouds were hanging over the world economy, President Xi Jinping delivered his historic speech at the Davos Forum, in which he declared China’s firm stance on defending economic globalization and pointed out the right direction for economic globalization’s future development from the vantage point of humanity’s long history. His words provided a much-needed boost of confidence and positivity to the world.
此后，習(xí)近平總書記在二十國集團(tuán)（G20）峰會(huì)、亞太經(jīng)合組織（APEC）峰會(huì)、進(jìn)博會(huì)等眾多國際重要場合，進(jìn)一步闡明支持經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化和多邊主義的鮮明立場，貢獻(xiàn)了中國智慧，彰顯了大國擔(dān)當(dāng)。中國說到做到，主動(dòng)全面擴(kuò)大對外開放，積極參與全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理，推動(dòng)構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體。今年提出的加快構(gòu)建新發(fā)展格局，是開放的國內(nèi)國際雙循環(huán)，與達(dá)沃斯論壇的中國主張一脈相承，成為中國推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的最新方案。
Since then, at important international arenas such as G20 summits, APEC meetings, and the China International Import Expo, President Xi has further articulated China’s clear-cut position on economic globalization and multilateralism, contributing China’s knowledge and showing it to be a responsible major country. China has done what it said it would do; it has opened up to the outside world on all fronts, played an active part in global economic governance, and promoted the building of a global community with a shared future. Its announcement in 2020 to accelerate the creation of a new development dynamic, featuring open domestic and international flows, is a continuation of China’s Davos position. It is China’s new plan for promoting economic globalization.
一、把握經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化歷史大勢，推動(dòng)世界共同開放
I. Understanding the historical trend of economic globalization and promoting mutual opening up around the world
習(xí)近平總書記指出，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化是社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的客觀要求和科技進(jìn)步的必然結(jié)果，是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的時(shí)代潮流，不是哪些人、哪些國家人為造出來的；世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的大海，你要還是不要，都在那兒，是回避不了的；要共同把全球市場的蛋糕做大、把全球共享的機(jī)制做實(shí)、把全球合作的方式做活，共同把經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化動(dòng)力搞得越大越好、阻力搞得越小越好；當(dāng)前世界上出現(xiàn)的一些逆全球化動(dòng)向只不過是全球化潮流中激起的幾朵浪花，阻擋不住全球化大潮；我們決不能被逆風(fēng)和回頭浪所阻，要站在歷史正確的一邊，堅(jiān)定不移全面擴(kuò)大開放。
President Xi has made the following important points: Economic globalization is the result of growing social productivity, a natural outcome of scientific and technological progress, and an irreversible contemporary current, not the creation of any individual or country. Whether we like it or not, the global economy is the big ocean that we simply cannot escape. The world must work together to make the pie of the global market even bigger, strengthen the mechanisms for sharing benefits globally, and explore new ways of international cooperation, so that we can give more impetus to economic globalization and remove its impediments as much as we can. The trend of de-globalization emerging in the world today amounts to nothing more than ripples in a great current, which are not enough to halt the great globalization tide. We must not be stopped by headwinds or undertows; we must stand on the right side of history and firmly proceed with opening up on all fronts.
經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的歷史潮流。經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化大致經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)階段。一是殖民擴(kuò)張和世界市場形成階段，各國都被卷入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)體系之中。二是兩個(gè)平行世界市場階段，即二戰(zhàn)后的兩大陣營及市場。三是經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化階段，冷戰(zhàn)后世界經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化加速。世界各國要素稟賦不平衡和國際分工深化，是經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的重要?jiǎng)恿?。各國都不同程度地存在著自然資源、資本、勞動(dòng)力、技術(shù)、市場等不足的矛盾，面臨“分工受市場規(guī)模限制”難題，15世紀(jì)的地理大發(fā)現(xiàn)，推動(dòng)了世界市場形成。科技革命和產(chǎn)業(yè)革命，為經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化提供了深厚的物質(zhì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。幾次工業(yè)革命大大降低了貨物運(yùn)輸、信息傳播和人員流動(dòng)的成本，特別是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等新科技革命推動(dòng)世界扁平化，各國經(jīng)濟(jì)相互依賴前所未有。國際經(jīng)濟(jì)治理體系和冷戰(zhàn)后市場化改革，為經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化提供了經(jīng)濟(jì)制度保障。二戰(zhàn)后，布雷頓森林體系及關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定、國際貨幣基金組織和世界銀行三大支柱出現(xiàn)，提供了國際經(jīng)濟(jì)治理的制度架構(gòu)，加之冷戰(zhàn)后新興經(jīng)濟(jì)體的市場化改革，推動(dòng)了經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化大發(fā)展。總之，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化是由生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展和生產(chǎn)關(guān)系變革共同推動(dòng)的客觀歷史進(jìn)程，不以人的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移。歷史上瘟疫、戰(zhàn)爭、危機(jī)等都曾阻礙經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化發(fā)展，但全球化潮流最終還是浩浩蕩蕩，滾滾向前，奔向浩瀚的大海。
Economic globalization is an irreversible historical trend.
Economic globalization has experienced roughly three stages. The first was the stage of colonial expansionism and world market formation. In this stage, all countries were drawn into the world economic system. The second stage saw two parallel world markets, or two opposing blocs and markets, prevail after World War II. The third stage is the stage of economic globalization, in which world economic integration has accelerated since the end of the Cold War. Uneven factor endowments among countries and an ever-finer division of labor along international lines have been important forces for economic globalization. All countries face shortages of natural resources, capital, labor, technology, and markets to greater or lesser degree, as well as restrictions on their division of labor determined by the size of their markets. The geographical discoveries of the 15th century opened the way for the formation of a world market. Thereafter, scientific, technological, and industrial revolutions provided the material and technological foundations for economic globalization. Several rounds of industrial transformation dramatically reduced the cost of goods transportation, the dissemination of information, and the movement of people. In particular, new technological revolutions such as the internet have led to a leveling out in the world and to a degree of interdependence hitherto unknown. The international economic governance system and the post-Cold War market reforms have served as institutional guarantors for economic globalization. After World War II, the Bretton Woods system and the three pillars of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the IMF, and the World Bank emerged as an institutional framework for global economic governance. Coupled with the market reforms of emerging economies after the end of the Cold War, these drove a major upsurge in economic globalization.
In summary, economic globalization is an objective historical process driven jointly by the development of productive forces and changes to the relations of production; it is not determined by the will of man. In the past, plagues, wars, and crises have impeded economic globalization, yet ultimately, its great surge continues ever onward.
經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化經(jīng)歷曲折，但向前的大方向沒有改變。經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化同時(shí)存在“向前的動(dòng)力、向后的阻力”：動(dòng)力是新一輪科技革命和產(chǎn)業(yè)變革；阻力是單邊主義、保護(hù)主義、霸凌主義?？傮w上看，動(dòng)力仍大于阻力，開放合作仍是發(fā)展大勢。經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化更多是增量放緩而非存量下降。除少數(shù)危機(jī)年份外，貨物貿(mào)易保持穩(wěn)定，2019年全球貨物出口比金融危機(jī)前的2008年增長17.1%，服務(wù)貿(mào)易蓬勃發(fā)展，2019年全球服務(wù)貿(mào)易出口比2008年增長52.4%。數(shù)字貿(mào)易方興未艾，全球跨境電商市場規(guī)模年均增長近30%，未來跨境數(shù)字貿(mào)易有望爆發(fā)。區(qū)域一體化深入發(fā)展。目前向世貿(mào)組織通報(bào)并生效的自貿(mào)安排數(shù)量比危機(jī)前增加了237個(gè)。主要國家通過區(qū)域貿(mào)易安排，推動(dòng)更高水平開放，談判議題從“邊境上”貿(mào)易壁壘深入“邊境后”規(guī)制，反映了經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化深化發(fā)展大趨勢。地球村時(shí)代，全球價(jià)值鏈深度拓展，各國更加緊密聯(lián)系在一起，形成利益共同體、責(zé)任共同體和命運(yùn)共同體。再退回到“孤島”狀態(tài)，開歷史“倒車”，不符合人類共同利益。
Economic globalization has witnessed twists and turns but its general forward direction has remained unchanged.
There is momentum both for and against economic globalization: the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation are providing driving forces, while resistance is coming from unilateralism, protectionism, and hegemony. Overall, the forces propelling economic globalization are greater than those pulling it back, and openness and cooperation remain the main trends of development. Economic globalization is experiencing a slowdown rather than a decline. Save for a few years of crisis, trade in goods has remained stable, with global exports of goods in 2019 up 17.1% when compared to the period prior to the financial crisis in 2008. Trade in services has flourished, with global service exports in 2019 up 52.4% compared to 2008. There has also been a boom in digital trade. The size of the global cross-border e-commerce market has grown at an average annual rate of nearly 30%, with an explosion in cross-border digital trade expected in the coming years. Regional integration has deepened. Compared to before the financial crisis, 237 more free trade agreements have been reported to the WTO and entered into force. Major countries are also promoting higher levels of openness through regional trade arrangements. The focus of negotiations has shifted from trade barriers on the border to regulations behind the border, reflecting the general trend of deeper economic globalization. In the era of the global village, the global value chain has been greatly extended. All countries are more closely bound together in communities of shared interests, common responsibilities, and a shared future. Thus, to reverse history and return to a state of isolation is simply not in the common interests of humankind.
改革開放40多年來，我國始終堅(jiān)持對外開放基本國策，不斷擴(kuò)大對外開放，實(shí)現(xiàn)了從封閉半封閉到全方位開放的偉大歷史轉(zhuǎn)折，成為經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的受益者和重要貢獻(xiàn)者。
Over the past 40 years of reform and opening, China has implemented a basic state policy of opening up. It has continuously opened its door wider to the world, achieving a great historical turnaround from a closed and semi-closed state to one of all-round opening up. It has been both a beneficiary and important contributor to economic globalization.
——推動(dòng)貿(mào)易高質(zhì)量發(fā)展。促進(jìn)外貿(mào)創(chuàng)新發(fā)展，培育新業(yè)態(tài)新模式，持續(xù)優(yōu)化貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)，降低關(guān)稅和非關(guān)稅壁壘，推動(dòng)貿(mào)易自由化便利化，擴(kuò)大優(yōu)質(zhì)商品進(jìn)口，創(chuàng)新發(fā)展服務(wù)貿(mào)易。2016—2019年，我國貨物貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口額年均增長7.5%，連續(xù)11年保持第一出口大國地位；服務(wù)貿(mào)易進(jìn)出口額年均增長6%，穩(wěn)居世界第二。今年前11個(gè)月，我國貨物出口同比增長0.6%，預(yù)計(jì)全年實(shí)現(xiàn)正增長，貿(mào)易大國地位不斷鞏固。未來，我們要增強(qiáng)對外貿(mào)易綜合競爭力，穩(wěn)步推動(dòng)貿(mào)易強(qiáng)國建設(shè)。
Promoting high-quality trade. China has created new ways of developing foreign trade, cultivated new business models, made continued improvements to its trade structures, and reduced tariffs and non-tariff barriers. It has liberalized and simplified trade, expanded imports of high-quality goods, and made innovations in trade in services. In 2016-2019, China’s import and export trade registered an average annual growth rate of 7.5%, maintaining China’s status as the world’s largest exporter for 11 years running. In services, trade imports and exports grew at an average annual rate of 6%, the second fastest in the world. In the first 11 months of 2020, China’s exports of goods grew by 0.6% year-on-year. Growth is expected to be positive for the year as a whole, thus further consolidating its status as a major trading country. Going forward, China will enhance its overall competitiveness in foreign trade and steadily develop itself as a trader of both quality and quantity.
——提高利用外資水平。主動(dòng)擴(kuò)大市場準(zhǔn)入，放寬銀行、證券、保險(xiǎn)業(yè)外資股比限制，擴(kuò)大高端制造和服務(wù)業(yè)開放，加大知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)力度，持續(xù)改善營商環(huán)境，對國際資本形成巨大“引力場”。2016—2019年，我國共利用外資5496億美元，成為全球第二大外資流入國，高技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)利用外資年均增長24%。今年前10個(gè)月，我國實(shí)際利用外資1151億美元，同比增長3.9%。未來，我們要繼續(xù)放寬市場準(zhǔn)入，依法保護(hù)外資企業(yè)合法權(quán)益，讓外商留得住、有發(fā)展。
Raising the level of utilized foreign investment. China has actively expanded access to its markets, eased restrictions on foreign ownership in the banking, securities, and insurance sectors, increased the openness of high-end manufacturing and services, and improved the protection of intellectual property rights. The business environment has been continuously improved, becoming a vast “gravitational field” for international investment. From 2016 to 2019, China’s utilized foreign investment totaled US$549.6 billion, making it the world’s second-largest receiver of inbound investment, with an average annual growth of 24% in high-tech industries. In the first 10 months of 2020, actual utilized foreign investment was US$115.1 billion, up 3.9% year-on-year. Going forward, China will continue to widen market access and protect the legitimate rights and interests of foreign enterprises in accordance with law. It will ensure that foreign investors can stay and develop in China over the long term.
——?jiǎng)?chuàng)新對外投資方式。順應(yīng)全球產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移趨勢，鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)走出去，優(yōu)化國別產(chǎn)業(yè)布局，增強(qiáng)全球配置資源能力，打造中國投資品牌，構(gòu)建面向全球的貿(mào)易、投資、生產(chǎn)、服務(wù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。2016—2019年，我國對外直接投資合計(jì)達(dá)6344億美元，穩(wěn)居世界前列；通過對外投資合作，累計(jì)帶動(dòng)出口5000多億美元。截至2019年末，共在188個(gè)國家和地區(qū)設(shè)立4.4萬家企業(yè)；“走出去”企業(yè)外籍員工超過220萬人，促進(jìn)了當(dāng)?shù)毓I(yè)化進(jìn)程和民生福祉改善。未來，我們將健全促進(jìn)和保障境外投資的法律、政策和服務(wù)體系，幫助企業(yè)提高跨國經(jīng)營能力，拉緊利益紐帶，推動(dòng)共同發(fā)展。
Developing new methods of outbound investment. In line with the global trend of industrial relocation, China has encouraged its enterprises to “go out,” improved its industrial arrangements with other countries, and better allocated resources at the global level. It has built Chinese investment brands and fostered a global network of trade, investment, production, and services. From 2016 to 2019, China’s outward direct investment reached US$634.4 billion, ranking among the highest in the world. Through outward investment and cooperation, it has driven more than US$500 billion of exports. By the end of 2019, Chinese investors had established 44,000 enterprises in 188 countries and regions. More than 2.2 million foreign employees were employed in Chinese enterprises, which are contributing to industrialization and people’s wellbeing in the regions where they have a presence. In the future, China will improve the legal, policy, and service systems for promoting and protecting overseas investments, and help enterprises improve their ability to operate across borders, in order to create closer shared interests and promote common development.
二、把握全球治理變革趨勢，貢獻(xiàn)更多“中國智慧”
II. Focusing on global governance reform and contributing China’s know-how
習(xí)近平總書記指出，當(dāng)今世界正經(jīng)歷百年未有之大變局，新冠肺炎疫情全球大流行使這個(gè)大變局加速變化，世界進(jìn)入動(dòng)蕩變革期；弱肉強(qiáng)食、贏者通吃是一條越走越窄的死胡同，包容普惠、互利共贏才是越走越寬的人間正道；當(dāng)前，爭奪全球治理和國際規(guī)則制定主導(dǎo)權(quán)的較量十分激烈；要為改革和優(yōu)化全球治理注入中國力量；推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化朝著更加開放、包容、普惠、平衡、共贏的方向發(fā)展。
President Xi has pointed out that the world today is undergoing momentous changes of a kind unseen in a century. The Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated these changes, and the world is entering a period of turmoil and change. He has declared that practicing the law of the jungle and winner-takes-all approaches will only lead to a dead end and inclusive growth for all is surely the right way forward; that the present competition for the initiative in global governance and international rule-making is extremely intense; and that China should contribute its strength to the reform and improvement of global governance. Together, Xi has argued, the world must work to make economic globalization more open, inclusive, and balanced for the benefit of all.
全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理體系變革處在歷史轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。世界百年未有之大變局進(jìn)入加速演變期，全球性挑戰(zhàn)增多，加強(qiáng)全球治理、推進(jìn)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理體系變革是大勢所趨。國際力量對比“東升西降”是最具革命性的變化。新興市場和發(fā)展中國家群體性崛起，經(jīng)濟(jì)及貿(mào)易的世界占比，都比20世紀(jì)90年代提高了20個(gè)百分點(diǎn)左右，對外投資占比提高了18個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。全球治理多極化趨勢明顯。發(fā)展中國家參與治理的意愿和能力不斷提升，推進(jìn)全球治理體系更加公正合理，需要持續(xù)努力。
Reform of the global governance system has reached a historical turning point.
Momentous changes in the world of a kind unseen in a century are now unfolding at an accelerated rate. As global challenges mount, strengthening global governance and reforming the global economic governance system have become the underlying trends of our times. The most revolutionary aspect of these changes is the shift from West to East in the global balance of power. Emerging markets and developing countries are rising at the same time. Their share of the world economy and trade has grown by about 20 percentage points since the 1990s, and their share of foreign investment has increased by 18 percentage points. There is a marked trend toward multi-polarity in global governance. The willingness and ability of developing countries to participate in governance has grown continuously, but sustained efforts are needed to promote a more just and equitable governance system.
現(xiàn)有國際經(jīng)貿(mào)規(guī)則難以適應(yīng)新變化。全球發(fā)展深層次矛盾日益突出：全球問題增多，解決方案不足；全球規(guī)則增多，國際協(xié)同不足；全球市場擴(kuò)展，規(guī)制監(jiān)管不足。全球治理重心發(fā)生變化。國際貿(mào)易投資不斷創(chuàng)新發(fā)展，全球治理議題由市場開放等邊境措施，轉(zhuǎn)向補(bǔ)貼、勞工、環(huán)境等“邊境后”規(guī)制。新一輪科技革命催生新的治理難題，網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全、數(shù)字主權(quán)、數(shù)據(jù)流動(dòng)等新議題博弈更趨激烈。
Current international trade rules are not suited to new changes.
Deep-rooted problems in global development are becoming increasingly prominent: global issues are increasing, but solutions have been found wanting; the number of global rules has increased, but international coordination is lacking; the global market is expanding, but regulation and supervision are inadequate. The focus of global governance has shifted. Innovations in international trade and investment are relentless, and “on-border” measures like the opening of markets are being replaced on the global governance agenda by “behind-border” regulations on issues such as subsidies, labor, and the environment. New global governance challenges and issues like cybersecurity, digital sovereignty, and data flows, brought about by the new scientific and technological revolutions, have intensified.
中國推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化朝著更加均衡方向發(fā)展，推動(dòng)建設(shè)開放型世界經(jīng)濟(jì)，旗幟鮮明反對貿(mào)易和投資保護(hù)主義，推動(dòng)全球治理規(guī)則民主化法治化，努力維護(hù)和延長我國重要戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期，成為全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理的重要參與者和貢獻(xiàn)者。
China promotes more balanced economic globalization and works to build an open world economy. Decisively opposing trade and investment protectionism, it has sought to put global governance rules onto a more democratic and law-based footing. In doing so, it has become an important participant and contributor to global economic governance.
——中國理念和方案得到更多認(rèn)同。提出構(gòu)建人類命運(yùn)共同體理念，堅(jiān)持正確義利觀，倡導(dǎo)共商共建共享的全球治理觀，順應(yīng)時(shí)代潮流，增加了我國同各國利益匯合點(diǎn)，也豐富了全球治理理念；積極提供國際公共產(chǎn)品，舉辦中非合作論壇、進(jìn)博會(huì)等重大主場外交活動(dòng)，設(shè)立亞投行、金磚銀行。一批中國主張、中國方案、中國倡議成為國際共識(shí)，國際社會(huì)期待我國在貿(mào)易投資、數(shù)字治理等領(lǐng)域發(fā)揮更多建設(shè)性作用。未來，我們要加強(qiáng)內(nèi)外統(tǒng)籌，提出踐行全球經(jīng)濟(jì)治理觀的中國倡議，維護(hù)國際公平正義。
Chinese ideas and solutions have gained greater recognition. China has put forward the vision of a global community with a shared future, adhered to the principle of pursuing the greater good and shared interests, and championed a vision for global governance featuring extensive consultation, joint contributions, and shared benefits. These efforts fit with the trends of the times. They offer additional points of convergence for the interests of different countries, and ultimately enrich the concept of global governance. China is also actively providing global public goods; it has hosted major diplomatic events such as the Forum of China-Africa Cooperation and the China International Import Expo, and it has initiated the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and worked with other BRICS countries to set up the New Development Bank. A host of China’s proposals, solutions, and initiatives have become international consensus, and the international community is looking to China to play a more constructive role in trade and investment, digital governance, and other areas. Going forward, China will better coordinate its domestic and international imperatives, put forward initiatives for the practice of global economic governance, and work to safeguard international fairness and justice.
——共建“一帶一路”走深走實(shí)。堅(jiān)持共商共建共享原則，秉持綠色、開放、廉潔理念，認(rèn)真落實(shí)“一帶一路”國際合作高峰論壇成果，“六廊六路多國多港”互聯(lián)互通架構(gòu)基本形成，一批綜合效益好、帶動(dòng)作用強(qiáng)的項(xiàng)目落地生根。2019年，我國對沿線國家貨物貿(mào)易總額占外貿(mào)比重提升至29.4%，直接投資占比提升至13.7%，分別比2016年提升了3.7和5.2個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。未來，我們要持續(xù)高質(zhì)量共建“一帶一路”，打造團(tuán)結(jié)應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)的合作之路、維護(hù)人民健康安全的健康之路、促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)恢復(fù)的復(fù)蘇之路、釋放發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ脑鲩L之路。
Concrete progress has been made in joint efforts to pursue the Belt and Road Initiative. China has acted on the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution, and shared benefit, and adhered to a vision of green development, openness, and clean governance for the Belt and Road Initiative. It has diligently implemented the outcomes from the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, and given shape to a connectivity framework featuring six corridors, six routes, and multiple countries and ports. A host of highly efficient, pacesetting projects have taken root. In 2019, China’s total trade in goods with countries along the Belt and Road grew to 29.4% of its total foreign trade, and direct investment rose to 13.7%, up 3.7 and 5.2 percentage points respectively from 2016. In the time ahead, China will continue to pursue high-quality cooperation on the Belt and Road, working with its BRI partners to develop a platform for cooperating on challenges, protecting people’s health, promoting economic recovery, and unlocking growth potential.
——深化多雙邊與區(qū)域合作。積極參與世貿(mào)組織改革，提出“三項(xiàng)原則”和“五項(xiàng)主張”，推動(dòng)電子商務(wù)等新興領(lǐng)域規(guī)則制定。累計(jì)與26個(gè)國家和地區(qū)簽署19個(gè)自貿(mào)協(xié)定，特別是新簽署的區(qū)域全面經(jīng)濟(jì)伙伴關(guān)系協(xié)定，15個(gè)成員國總的人口、經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易均占全球約30%，不僅是東亞區(qū)域合作深化的標(biāo)志性成果，更是多邊主義和自由貿(mào)易的勝利。努力穩(wěn)住中美關(guān)系大局，深化中俄戰(zhàn)略合作和中歐合作，加快中歐投資協(xié)定、中日韓等自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定談判進(jìn)程，拓展與發(fā)展中國家務(wù)實(shí)合作。未來，我們將積極參與世貿(mào)組織改革，實(shí)施自由貿(mào)易區(qū)提升戰(zhàn)略，同更多國家商簽高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定，持續(xù)擴(kuò)大“朋友圈”，推動(dòng)世界開放發(fā)展。
China has deepened multilateral and regional cooperation. China has been active in WTO reform, putting forward “three principles” and “five propositions” for the reform (the principles are 1. upholding the core values of the multilateral trading system, 2. safeguarding the development interests of developing members, 3. taking consensus-based decisions; the propositions are 1. not altering the status of the multilateral trading system as the main medium of trade, 2. prioritizing key issues that threaten the WTO’s survival, 3. addressing the fairness of trade rules and meeting the needs of the times, 4. ensuring special and differential treatment for developing members, 5. respecting members’ respective development models). It has also promoted the formulation of rules in emerging areas such as e-commerce. China has signed 19 FTAs with 26 countries and regions. Particularly noteworthy is the freshly inked Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement. The agreement’s 15 member countries account for about 30% of the world’s total population, economic output, and trade. The deal is not only a landmark achievement in deepening regional cooperation in East Asia but also a victory for multilateralism and free trade. China has worked to keep China-US relations generally stable and deepened its strategic cooperation with Russia and cooperation with the EU. It has accelerated negotiations on a China-EU investment agreement and a China-Japan-South Korea free trade agreement, and expanded practical cooperation with developing countries. Looking to the future, China will work to play an active role in WTO reform, implement a strategy of upgrading free trade zones, complete high-standard free trade agreements with more countries, and continue to expand its “circle of friends” and promote open development worldwide.
三、把握疫情后經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化新動(dòng)向，推動(dòng)構(gòu)建新發(fā)展格局
III. Adapting to the new trend of economic globalization in the post-Covid world and promoting a new development dynamic
習(xí)近平總書記指出，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化遭遇逆流，世界進(jìn)入動(dòng)蕩變革期；隨著全球政治經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境變化，逆全球化趨勢加劇，有的國家大搞單邊主義、保護(hù)主義，傳統(tǒng)國際循環(huán)明顯弱化；新發(fā)展格局決不是封閉的國內(nèi)循環(huán)，而是開放的、相互促進(jìn)的國內(nèi)國際雙循環(huán)；我們不追求一枝獨(dú)秀，不搞你輸我贏，也不會(huì)關(guān)起門來封閉運(yùn)行，將逐步形成以國內(nèi)大循環(huán)為主體、國內(nèi)國際雙循環(huán)相互促進(jìn)的新發(fā)展格局，為中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展開辟空間，為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇和增長增添動(dòng)力。
President Xi has pointed out that, as the world enters a period of turmoil and change, a backlash is occurring against economic globalization. He has argued that changes in the global political and economic environment have intensified the trend of de-globalization, as some countries have engaged in unilateralism and protectionism, thus significantly weakening the traditional international flow. China’s new development dynamic, President Xi has stressed, is not a closed loop, but rather made up of open and mutually reinforcing domestic and international flows. China does not seek to develop only itself or to engage in zero-sum games, nor will it pursue development behind closed doors; rather, it aims to foster, over time, a new development dynamic that is focused on domestic flows while facilitating positive interplay between domestic and international flows. This will create more space for China’s economic development and add impetus to global economic recovery and growth.
當(dāng)前世界經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢發(fā)生深刻變化。國際環(huán)境日趨復(fù)雜，不穩(wěn)定性不確定性明顯增加。全球貿(mào)易投資增長低迷，國際金融危機(jī)前，全球貿(mào)易增速是經(jīng)濟(jì)增速的2倍，危機(jī)后則與經(jīng)濟(jì)增速大體持平。國際組織預(yù)測今年全球貿(mào)易下降30%左右，明年僅反彈7.2%；全球直接投資下降40%，明年繼續(xù)下降5%—10%。民粹主義加劇，貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義升溫，由傳統(tǒng)行業(yè)向新興產(chǎn)業(yè)、高技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)擴(kuò)展。國際投資限制加強(qiáng)。
The world economic landscape is going through profound changes.
The international environment is increasingly complex, marked by a significant increase in instability and uncertainty. Global trade and investment growth is sluggish. Before the international financial crisis, global trade grew twice as fast as the global economy, but since then, growth in global trade and economy has roughly been on the same level. International organizations estimate that global trade would fall by about 30% in 2020, and will rebound by only 7.2% in 2021. Global direct investment would fall by 40%, with a further fall of 5% to 10% predicted for 2021. As populism and trade protectionism intensify, they are spreading from traditional industries to emerging and high-tech industries. Restrictions on international investment have been tightened.
我國開放發(fā)展條件發(fā)生新變化。傳統(tǒng)優(yōu)勢減弱，新優(yōu)勢正在培育。近年來，我國勞動(dòng)人口逐步減少，成本優(yōu)勢弱化，部分重要資源短缺，2019年鐵礦砂、原油、大豆的對外依存度分別為80%、72%和86%，研發(fā)、技術(shù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、品牌、營銷等新優(yōu)勢有待提升，高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的任務(wù)緊迫。超大規(guī)模市場優(yōu)勢顯現(xiàn)。我國經(jīng)濟(jì)總量居世界第二，人均GDP超過1萬美元，擁有14億人口、4億多中等收入群體，還有全球最完整、規(guī)模最大的工業(yè)體系和完善的配套能力，是全球最有潛力的大市場，國際吸引力持續(xù)增強(qiáng)。
The conditions of China’s development are changing.
China’s traditional advantages are being diminished while new ones are still in the process of being cultivated. In recent years, China’s working population has gradually decreased, its cost advantages have been weakened, and some important resources have been in short supply. In 2019, China imported 80%, 72%, and 86% of its iron ore, crude oil, and soybeans, respectively. New advantages in areas like R&D, technology, standards, branding, and marketing still need to be further improved. The task of achieving high-quality development is indeed urgent. Yet, the advantages of China’s vast market are obvious. China’s economy is the second largest in the world. It has a per capita GDP of over US$10,000, a population of 1.4 billion, and a middle-income group of more than 400 million people. It possesses the world’s most complete and largest industrial system with a full set of supporting capabilities. China is the world’s most promising large market and its international attractiveness continues to grow.
面對國內(nèi)外環(huán)境的重大變化，把握我國進(jìn)入新發(fā)展階段的新特征，我們堅(jiān)持新發(fā)展理念，堅(jiān)持高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，提出加快構(gòu)建新發(fā)展格局。我們要實(shí)施擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需戰(zhàn)略，全面擴(kuò)大對外開放，促進(jìn)國內(nèi)國際雙循環(huán)良性互動(dòng)。
In the face of major changes in the domestic and international environments, as well as the arrival of a new stage of economic development, China will follow a new development philosophy, promote high-quality development, and accelerate the creation of a new development pattern. China will continue to implement the strategy of expanding domestic demand, it will open wider to the world on all fronts, and it will promote positive interplay between domestic and international flows.
——建設(shè)全球共享的統(tǒng)一大市場。以高水平開放促深層次改革，完善城鄉(xiāng)流通網(wǎng)絡(luò)，大力發(fā)展城市、農(nóng)村、服務(wù)消費(fèi)，促進(jìn)內(nèi)外貿(mào)一體化，舉辦進(jìn)博會(huì)積極擴(kuò)大進(jìn)口。2019年，我國社會(huì)消費(fèi)品零售總額達(dá)41萬億元，穩(wěn)居世界第二；進(jìn)口2.1萬億美元，預(yù)計(jì)未來10年進(jìn)口22萬億美元，第三屆進(jìn)博會(huì)成交726.2億美元，在疫情下擴(kuò)大了國際需求。未來，我們將全面促進(jìn)消費(fèi)，完善現(xiàn)代商貿(mào)流通體系，擴(kuò)大高質(zhì)量商品和服務(wù)進(jìn)口，讓中國市場成為世界的市場、共享的市場、大家的市場。
Building a large unified market accessible to the world. China has promoted far-reaching reform with high-standard opening up. It has improved urban and rural circulation networks, developed consumption, including spending on services, in urban and rural areas, promoted the integration of domestic and foreign trade, and expanded imports through its hosting of the China International Import Expo. In 2019, China’s total retail sales of consumer goods reached 41 trillion yuan, second in the world. Imports reached US$2.1 trillion, and are expected to grow to US$22 trillion over the next decade. The Third China International Import Expo generated deals worth US$72.62 billion, helping to expand international demand despite the Covid-19 epidemic. Going forward, China will promote consumer spending in all domains, modernize trade flows, and expand imports of high-quality goods and services. We will make the Chinese market a market for the whole world to share in.
——打造對外開放新高地。把構(gòu)建新發(fā)展格局同實(shí)施國家區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、建設(shè)自貿(mào)試驗(yàn)區(qū)等銜接起來，鼓勵(lì)自貿(mào)試驗(yàn)區(qū)大膽試、大膽闖、自主改，加快推進(jìn)海南自貿(mào)港建設(shè)。目前已設(shè)立21個(gè)自貿(mào)試驗(yàn)區(qū)，復(fù)制推廣了260項(xiàng)制度創(chuàng)新成果。海南自貿(mào)港建設(shè)總體方案出臺(tái)，推動(dòng)商品、服務(wù)、資金、人員、信息等自由流動(dòng)。未來，我們要推動(dòng)自貿(mào)試驗(yàn)區(qū)、自貿(mào)港高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，打造新發(fā)展格局的重要戰(zhàn)略支點(diǎn)。
Attaining new standards in opening up. China will align its efforts to create a new development dynamic with the implementation of its coordinated regional development strategy and the development of pilot free trade zones. It will encourage pilot free trade zones to boldly carry out trials, make breakthroughs, and drive change. The development of Hainan’s free trade port will also be accelerated. To date, 21 pilot free trade zones have been established, and 260 proven innovation outcomes have been replicated and applied elsewhere. The general plan for the development of the Hainan free trade port has been launched; it will promote the free flow of goods, services, capital, people, and information. In the coming period, China will push for high-quality development of pilot free trade zones and ports, developing them as important strategic nodes for the country’s new development.
——推動(dòng)規(guī)則等制度型開放。積極同國際經(jīng)貿(mào)規(guī)則對接，增強(qiáng)透明度，強(qiáng)化產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)，鼓勵(lì)競爭、反對壟斷，營商環(huán)境持續(xù)優(yōu)化。完善外資管理體制，全面實(shí)施準(zhǔn)入前國民待遇加負(fù)面清單管理制度，出臺(tái)外商投資法，營商環(huán)境國際排名從2017年的78位提升至第31位。開放領(lǐng)域和布局不斷擴(kuò)大，在世貿(mào)組織定義的160個(gè)服務(wù)部門中，我國開放了120多個(gè)；深入推進(jìn)開放領(lǐng)域放管服改革，深化內(nèi)陸和沿邊開放。未來，我們將更加注重規(guī)則、規(guī)制、管理、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等制度型開放，形成更高水平開放型經(jīng)濟(jì)新體制。
Promoting more open rules and institutions. Working to ensure alignment with international economic and trade rules, China has enhanced transparency, strengthened the protection of property rights, encouraged competition, and opposed monopoly practices to achieve a sustained improvement to its business environment. It has improved the management system for foreign investment, fully instituted a pre-entry national treatment plus negative list management system, and enacted the Foreign Investment Law. China’s business environment has moved up to 31st place in the international rankings from 78th in 2017. The areas open to foreign investment have been consistently expanded to cover 120 of the 160 service sectors defined by the WTO. China has furthered reforms to streamline administration, delegate power, improve regulation, and upgrade services in the areas open to foreign investment in both inland and border regions. In the future, more attention will be paid to rules, regulations, management, standards and other forms of institutional openness, as China works to create a new and improved open economic system.
四、把握經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范，在開放中構(gòu)筑安全保障
IV. Guarding against the risks of economic globalization and establishing safeguards in the process of opening up
習(xí)近平總書記指出，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化是一把“雙刃劍”，當(dāng)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)處于下行期的時(shí)候，發(fā)達(dá)國家和發(fā)展中國家都會(huì)感受到壓力和沖擊；我們今天開放發(fā)展的大環(huán)境總體上比以往任何時(shí)候都更為有利，同時(shí)面臨的矛盾、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、博弈也前所未有；越開放越要重視安全，越要統(tǒng)籌好發(fā)展和安全，煉就金剛不壞之身；發(fā)展是安全的基礎(chǔ)，是安全的保障；發(fā)展就是最大安全，也是解決安全問題的“總鑰匙”；不斷擴(kuò)大對外開放、提高對外開放水平，以開放促改革、促發(fā)展，是我國發(fā)展不斷取得新成就的重要法寶。
President Xi has argued that economic globalization is a double-edged sword; in global economic downturns, all countries, developed and developing alike, will experience pressure. He has said that our open development environment is creating more benefits than ever, but the associated problems, risks, and trials are also unprecedented. The more open we are, he has pointed out, the more attention we must pay to security, properly managing both development and security so that we can make ourselves impervious to risks. President Xi has further pointed out that development and security mutually reinforce each other on a fundamental level, that development provides the greatest guarantee of security and the “master key” for solving security issues, and that we must continually open up, improve the quality of opening up, and leverage greater openness to promote reform and development – this is an important vehicle that will continually yield fresh success in China’s development.
經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化既提供了發(fā)展機(jī)遇，也可能帶來安全隱患。經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化在做大“蛋糕”的同時(shí)，分好“蛋糕”的問題日漸突出。各國國情、制度和發(fā)展階段不同，面臨的安全形勢也不一樣。發(fā)達(dá)國家在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化過程中獲益的同時(shí)，由于國內(nèi)政策調(diào)整不到位，出現(xiàn)了產(chǎn)業(yè)空心化、就業(yè)不足、貧富差距擴(kuò)大等問題。發(fā)展中國家對外開放成就顯著，但發(fā)展實(shí)力和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)對能力不足，容易受到外部風(fēng)險(xiǎn)沖擊。經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的全球化，需要全球加強(qiáng)合作與共同應(yīng)對。世界各國經(jīng)濟(jì)相互依存，“你中有我，我中有你”，經(jīng)濟(jì)安全也成為全球性問題，任何國家都不能獨(dú)善其身。加強(qiáng)國際合作，在開放中謀求自身安全，擴(kuò)大共同安全，成為各國的現(xiàn)實(shí)選擇。
Economic globalization creates both development opportunities and security risks.
As the economic globalization “pie” has become bigger, the issue of properly sharing the pie out has come to the forefront. The conditions, systems, and development stages of countries differ, as do their development contexts. While developing countries have reaped benefits during economic globalization, ineffective policy adjustments have resulted in the hollowing out of their industries, inadequate employment, and a growing gap between rich and poor. The success that developing countries have had in opening up is self-evident, but their lack of development strength and inadequate capacity to respond to risks makes them susceptible to external shocks. The globalization of economic risks demands stronger cooperation and a collective response. The economies of all countries are interdependent, and economic security is a global issue from which no country can seal itself off. Stronger international cooperation to achieve individual and collective security during the process of opening up is a practical choice for all countries.
我國在參與經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化過程中增強(qiáng)了實(shí)力、獲得了安全，同時(shí)面臨新的挑戰(zhàn)。40多年來，我們處理好獨(dú)立自主與擴(kuò)大開放的關(guān)系，一方面在擴(kuò)大開放過程中增強(qiáng)了綜合國力，顯著提升了安全維護(hù)能力；另一方面把握好開放的力度和節(jié)奏，注重風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范。當(dāng)前，我國已由“經(jīng)貿(mào)小國”發(fā)展為“經(jīng)貿(mào)大國”，正在邁向“經(jīng)貿(mào)強(qiáng)國”，參與經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化程度不斷加深，與世界的相互影響顯著增大。同時(shí)，國際上單邊主義、保護(hù)主義抬頭，我國的外部風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也在增多，需要我們妥善加以應(yīng)對。
While participating in economic globalization, China has grown stronger and more secure but also faced new challenges.
In a period of more than 40 years, China has managed to maintain independence while expanding opening up. It has increased its composite national strength and gained a stronger capacity to maintain security on one side, while properly managing the intensity and pace of opening up on the other, keeping a close focus on guarding against risk. Having developed from a small to a large trading nation, China is now in the process of becoming a trader of quality and quantity. As it plays a deepening role in economic globalization, its impact on the world, and the world’s impact on China, will increase notably. At the same time, as unilateralism and protectionism rise, China will face more external risks that need to be addressed in the right way.
——統(tǒng)籌好開放與安全。既要打開窗戶，也要裝好紗窗，更好維護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)安全。在新發(fā)展階段，國內(nèi)發(fā)展必須在經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化背景下來謀劃，充分利用兩個(gè)市場兩種資源，以全面擴(kuò)大開放促進(jìn)市場化改革，促進(jìn)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，以更強(qiáng)的產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭力、更強(qiáng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力、更強(qiáng)的綜合國力來保障經(jīng)濟(jì)安全，以更加安全的經(jīng)濟(jì)體制參與更高水平的經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化。順應(yīng)大國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展規(guī)律，切實(shí)把擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需作為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的根本立足點(diǎn)，加快構(gòu)建新發(fā)展格局，統(tǒng)籌好開放與改革發(fā)展，找到開放與安全的黃金結(jié)合點(diǎn)。
Promoting development and security. As China opens its window wider to the world, it must establish safeguards to ensure economic security. In the new stage of development, economic globalization must serve as the backdrop for domestic development planning. We must leverage international and domestic markets and resources, promote market reform and high-quality development with greater opening up on all fronts, ensure economic security with stronger competitiveness in industry, a stronger economy, and greater composite national strength, and achieve greater economic security as we take part in a higher level of economic globalization. Following the laws underlying the development of major economies, China will proceed with the fundamental task of expanding domestic demand, accelerate the creation of a new development dynamic, and pursue opening up, reform, and development in a coordinated way to strike an optimal balance between openness and security.
——有效防范化解風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。要堅(jiān)持底線思維，在商簽自貿(mào)協(xié)定等對外談判中，堅(jiān)決守住底線和紅線，堅(jiān)決貫徹黨中央決策部署，穩(wěn)住外貿(mào)外資基本盤，穩(wěn)住全球產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈供應(yīng)鏈，防范“一帶一路”相關(guān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，把風(fēng)險(xiǎn)防范落到實(shí)處。把握好擴(kuò)大開放的力度、進(jìn)度和深度，積極應(yīng)對傳統(tǒng)和非傳統(tǒng)安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，更好維護(hù)國家經(jīng)濟(jì)安全。
Guarding against and mitigating risks effectively. We will keep in mind worst-case scenarios, and hold fast to redlines in free trade negotiations. We will resolutely implement the decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee, ensure general stability in foreign trade, work to keep global industry chains and supply chains stable, and guard against risks with regard to the Belt and Road Initiative with practical steps. We will properly manage the intensity, progress, and level of opening up. We will actively respond to both traditional and non-traditional security threats and better protect national economic security.
——提升參與和引領(lǐng)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化能力。提升規(guī)則制定能力，多邊、區(qū)域與雙邊并舉，積極參與新一輪規(guī)則制定，有效反對保護(hù)主義，有效維護(hù)自由貿(mào)易和多邊主義。提升安全維護(hù)能力，運(yùn)用國際通行規(guī)則，健全產(chǎn)業(yè)安全機(jī)制，完善經(jīng)濟(jì)安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)警，健全外資安全審查、產(chǎn)業(yè)損害預(yù)警、貿(mào)易救濟(jì)等機(jī)制，維護(hù)我國發(fā)展利益。提升人才保障能力，積極培育經(jīng)濟(jì)、法律、管理、談判等方面的國際化人才，增加我國在國際組織的代表性，改善引進(jìn)國際化人才的環(huán)境，營造于我有利的國際環(huán)境，維護(hù)和延長我國戰(zhàn)略機(jī)遇期。
Enhancing China’s ability to participate and lead in economic globalization. We will improve China’s ability to participate in setting rules for multilateral, regional, and bilateral ties. We will play an active role in the new round of rulemaking, taking a firm stance against protectionism while standing up for free trade and multilateralism. We will improve our capacity to ensure security through the use of international norms and rules, enhance industrial security mechanisms and early warnings for economic security risks, and enhance reviews of foreign investment projects, early warnings for industrial injury, and trade remedies. We will improve our capacity to develop international economic, legal, management, and negotiation talent, work to increase China’s representation in international organizations, foster a more attractive domestic environment for international talent, and strive to create an international environment that is favorable for China, so as to protect our country’s period of strategic opportunity.
